Smart Card Alliance Calls For Review Of EPC Gen 2 RFID In Identity Documents
Recent headlines have confused U.S. electronic passports -- the passport books with the blue cover and the small gold e-passport icon -- with the new U.S. Passport Cards and Enhanced Driver’s Licenses (EDL) already being issued as border crossing credentials by some states.
The confusion came in reports about security researcher Chris Paget, who demonstrated the ease of scanning, cloning and tracking RFID-based U.S. Passport Cards and Enhanced Driver’s Licenses (EDL) in a YouTube video.
“The Smart Card Alliance wants to make it clear that this demonstration did not involve the blue U.S. electronic passport books,” said Randy Vanderhoof, executive director of the Smart Card Alliance. “Headlines stating that passports can be scanned and tracked are wrong. The widely reported demonstration involved U.S. Passport Cards and Enhanced Driver’s Licenses, which use EPC Gen 2 RFID technology. These are different travel documents and use completely different technologies from U.S. electronic passports, which use contactless smart card technology and are very privacy secure.”
With the coming of the new administration, the Smart Card Alliance recommends an immediate review of the decision to use EPC Gen 2 RFID technology in U.S. travel documents. The Alliance is prepared to endorse the correct use of any technology that provides adequate protection of privacy and identity information. However, as the U.S. Passport Card and EDL programs were being defined, the Smart Card Alliance went on record advising against using an insecure EPC Gen 2 RFID solution that put the privacy and security of U.S. citizens’ personal information at risk.
The Alliance Identity Council, whose members include technology providers of both RFID and RF-enabled contactless smart card solutions, stands ready to assist any government agency or department that undertakes such a review. The Alliance provides a cross-industry forum that can offer expert advice on how to best meet the needs of high security and throughput at border crossings without compromising the privacy of citizens’ personal information or their safety.
Passport Cards are new, State Department-issued travel documents valid primarily for crossing land borders with Canada and Mexico. They were designed to provide a less expensive and more portable alternative to the traditional blue passport book. Some border states are issuing or planning to issue special driver’s licenses, called Enhanced Driver’s Licenses (EDL), that are also valid for crossing land borders. The State Department has issued nearly 700,000 passport cards to U.S. citizens in advance of tougher border crossing rules that take effect June 1. Washington State has issued more than 10,000 EDLs, primarily to frequent visitors to nearby Vancouver, British Columbia.
The Passport Cards and EDLs that were the subject of this scanning demonstration use long range, insecure, EPC Gen 2 RFID tags, which lack encryption and authentication. It is not surprising this researcher could remotely read Passport Cards, because the RFID tag technology used in them was actually designed for tracking objects at long distances and is used mostly in manufacturing and shipping. These RFID tags have minimal built-in support for security and privacy and, for that reason, the State Department issues Passport Cards with protective sleeves to prevent them from being read when not in use.
In sharp contrast, the blue U.S. electronic passport books use RF-enabled contactless smart card technology. This is a completely different technology that includes a small computer inside the e-passport book. The U.S. e-passport is not vulnerable to the remote reading attack demonstrated on RFID-based Passport Cards and EDLs. A small gold chip icon on the book cover indicates an electronic passport.
U.S. electronic passports are very privacy-secure. A metallic shield in the cover prevents any information from being read when the book is closed. Further, it has a short read range of two inches and the chip won’t give up any information until the passport book is physically opened and a unique key that is printed inside the passport is optically scanned and sent to the chip. The U.S. Department of State calls this e-passport security Basic Access Control.
Contactless smart cards are designed for high security applications and are used in tens of millions of identity credentials and payment cards worldwide.